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1994-03-29
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Path: bloom-beacon.mit.edu!hookup!europa.eng.gtefsd.com!howland.reston.ans.net!EU.net!Germany.EU.net!netmbx.de!zrz.TU-Berlin.DE!zib-berlin.de!news.th-darmstadt.de!News.Uni-Marburg.DE!news.belwue.de!iptc!newsserv.zdv.uni-tuebingen.de!zrawi01
From: wiedmann@mailserv.zdv.uni-tuebingen.de (Jochen Wiedmann)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.amiga.introduction,comp.sys.amiga.misc,comp.sys.amiga.programmer,comp.answers,news.answers
Subject: Amiga FAQ (Frequently asked questions) (Part 2 of 2)
Supersedes: <AmigaFAQ-2-762303603@mailserv.zdv.uni-tuebingen.de>
Followup-To: comp.sys.amiga.introduction
Date: 29 Mar 1994 19:55:13 GMT
Organization: InternetNews at ZDV, University of Tuebingen, Germany
Lines: 1012
Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.Edu
Distribution: world
Expires: Saturday, 16 Apr 94 21:42:28 (Z)
Message-ID: <AmigaFAQ-2-764970148@mailserv.zdv.uni-tuebingen.de>
References: <AmigaFAQ-1-764970148@mailserv.zdv.uni-tuebingen.de>
Reply-To: wiedmann@mailserv.zdv.uni-tuebingen.de (Jochen Wiedmann)
NNTP-Posting-Host: mailserv.zdv.uni-tuebingen.de
Summary: Frequently asked questions on the Amiga.
New users should read this!
Originator: zrawi01@mailserv.zdv.uni-tuebingen.de
Xref: bloom-beacon.mit.edu comp.sys.amiga.introduction:2624 comp.sys.amiga.misc:27701 comp.sys.amiga.programmer:27448 comp.answers:4345 news.answers:16994
Posted-By: auto-faq 2.4
Archive-name: amiga/introduction/part2
Last-modified: 29-Mar-1994
Frequently asked questions (FAQ) concerning the Amiga. [2/2]
------------------------------------------------------------
This is the second part of the Amiga-FAQ. It is in Ascii format to be
easily read by everyone. It is also available in AmigaGuide and Dvi
format as part of the Amiga-FAQ archive. (File text/docs/AmigaFAQxxxxxx.lha
on any Aminet site, where xxxxxx is the date of the last version.)
Sections which have been changed since the last posting are marked
with a "!", as lines in the text itself are. Added lines are marked
with a "+" and a "<" shows, where lines are removed.
Please note the following:
- Changes since the last posting are marked with a
! changed this line/section, respectively
+ added this line
< removed something before this line
- An index is at the bottom of this part. If this still doesn't help:
E-mail me, probably I can include an answer into the FAQ.
- Suggestions, contributions, critics and beer bottles are very
welcome. :-) Send them to:
Jochen Wiedmann
Am Eisteich 9
72555 Metzingen (Germany)
Tel. 07123 / 14881
Internet: wiedmann@mailserv.zdv.uni-tuebingen.de
===========================(Cut here)=========================================
Disclaimer
1 CPU, Custom chips, RAM and other stuff
1 What are the 68EC020 and the 68EC030?
2 What's an FPU?
2 The Operating System
1 Can I use another Kickstart than the builtin?
3 Programming
! 1 What documentation do I need as an Amiga programmer?
2 What is CATS?
! 3 Where do I get the Amiga includes?
4 How do I become a developer?
! 5 What compilers (assemblers) are there?
6 Those never working Esc sequences!
7 Is it possible to use AmigaBasic on the A1200?
8 How do I localize my program?
9 How to obtain a pointer to a console's window
10 What are pragmas?
11 Where do I find the function xxx?
4 Applications
1 Text Editors
2 What word processors are there?
3 Desktop Publishing
4 What is TeX and where can I get it?
5 Are there any Postscript interpreters?
5 How about Graphics?
1 What are chunky and planar displays?
2 What is doublebuffering?
3 What monitors will work on my Amiga 1200/4000?
4 How do I switch between PAL and NTSC?
6 Emulators
1 Can I run Unix on my Amiga?
2 Is it possible to use the Amiga as X11 terminal?
7 Miscellaneous
1 Is there any unix version of LhA?
2 What are files ending with ...?
3 Is there a Stacker-like utility to pack my hard drive?
4 Where do I get Fish disk xxx?
8 Where and how do I get Software?
1 Files and databases on freely distributable software
2 A collection of tests
3 Getting files from a FTP server
4 Getting files from a Mail server
5 The Fish disks
1 The Amiga Library disks
2 The Fresh Fish CD-Roms
6 How do I Read and write MS-Dos disks?
7 How do I split large files?
The Amiga-FAQ archive
Contributions
Credits
Index
5 How about Graphics?
*********************
Graphics is one of the major strengths of the Amiga. Why don't we
have more answers here? :-(
5.1 What are chunky and planar displays?
========================================
Simply put, the terms `chunky' and `planar' (short for `bitplanar')
refer to different ways of storing graphics information in a computer's
memory. They are rather easy to understand, as far as things go, but
incredibly difficult to explain:
Computer images are arranged as a grid of pixels, each of which can
be thought of as a number representing the color number of the pixel,
sort of like a paint-by-numbers scheme. For example, here's a
simplified example image, in four colors:
00302132
The Amiga stores this image in a `bitplane' mode. That is, it is
represented by several planes of bits (binary digits, 1s or 0s). This
is a four-color image, so each color number could be represented by two
bits. Therefore there are two bitplanes:
00100110 Here's bitplane 0
00101011 And here's bitplane 1
-------- Now, let's add them up, binary style:
00302132
Which is the final image. If the image was in two dimensions, it
would truly be composed of bit planes. However, I'd need three
dimensions to show multiple bitplanes overlayed, and therefore for
simplicity we're working in one dimension (which is all we need).
Now, there's another way of storing this image. How about if we
localize the bit data in little chunks?
00 00 11 00 01 10 11 01 = 00302132
This is the principle of the `chunky' pixel mode.
Both methods of image storage are perfectly logical, and no one can
say that one is better than the other. However, there are certain
technical aspects which cause certain advantages and disadvantages.
First, if you've seen colored text scroll on your Amiga, you know
there is a bit of "flicker" that arises. Specifically, what happens is
that while the text is scrolling, its color temporarily changes to
something completely different. What's happening is that the computer's
moving several bitplanes of data while the raster (monitor electron
gun) is sweeping across the screen. What that means is that, if the
raster catches the data while it's being moved, you can end up with some
bitplanes being moved and some not. What if we filled bitplane 1 in the
example above with 0s? Instantly all the 3s become 1s, and the 2s
become 0s! This is what causes "flicker" when certain colors are
scrolled. By contrast, if a chunky pixel display is caught while
scrolling, all we see is a partially-scrolled image; the colors are
preserved (since their units are the small ones).
That's a disadvantage to planar pixels, but what about chunky pixels?
Well, recall that a computer organizes information in terms of 8 bit
bytes. These groups are static; you cannot decide to all of a sudden
organize data in terms of three bytes or something! Therefore, when
using chunky pixels, things get complicated if we decide to use a
nonconvenient number of bits per pixel. In practice, the 8-bit
(256-color) mode, and 24-bit (16 million color) modes are the most
common candidates for chunky pixel displays.
Finally, certain effects can be accomplished with the different
systems. Bitplanar mode is particularly useful for things like shadows
(where an extra bitplane is set with 1s instead of 0s), and chunky mode
is great for perspective and "mapping" (since the data for each pixel is
localized in a single "chunk"). The latter advantage makes chunky pixel
mode really great for games, and is what made Wolfenstein 3-D possible.
We all know that Amigas use the bitplane system for storing images.
However, the Macintosh and PC(VGA) both use chunky pixel modes. While
we can optimize our RAM usage with "bizarre" modes like 8- and
128-color, they gain the advantages of non-flicker scrolling, and the
programming simplicity of just writing a byte where you want the pixel
to go.
The difference between the two modes becomes problematic in things
like emulation. EMPLANT has a "chunky to planar" routine which it uses
to convert a Macintosh display into an Amiga one. "Chunky to planar"
routines are also useful for getting chunky-inclined things to run on
Amigas (see TMAPDemo, rotdemo). On a side note, there was some
confusion as to what EMPLANT used the MMU for with regard to chunky to
planar. The MMU itself is incapable of performing the algorithm for the
conversion; rather, it is used to detect what portions of the display
memory are updated from the Mac side, and therefore the processor is
saved from having to perform the chunky to planar conversion for the
entire display.
I sincerely hope that helped clear up most of the mystery concerning
the terms "Chunky" and "Planar"!
(Joseph Luk, jluc@eis.calstate.edu)
5.2 What is doublebuffering?
============================
Don't be ashamed if you haven't a clue as to what this is. It's
rather simple, really. Imagine you wanted to animate something by
drawing out each frame. Now imagine you had only one piece of paper.
Even if you drew pretty fast, it would be difficult to see what the
animation looks like because you'd have to erase the frame you just
drew, in order to draw the next one!
What if you had two pieces of paper? Why, then, you could see the
difference between two adjacent frames. First you'd draw your first
frame on the first piece of paper, then you'd draw the second frame on
the other piece. Then you'd erase the picture on the first piece of
paper, and draw in the third frame. Then you'd erase the picture on the
second piece of paper, and draw in the fourth frame, and so forth.
This is the principle of doublebuffering. The computer shows you the
picture it just drew, then turns around and draws the next one. It then
swaps the picture in front of you with the one it just drew, and
repeats the process. The result is a smooth animation, because you
never need to see the computer draw; all you see is each finished
product.
(Joseph Luk, jluc@eis.calstate.edu)
5.3 What monitors will work on my Amiga 1200/4000?
==================================================
Monitors can be classified after the horizontal scan frequency they
require. TVs, as well as C='s 1084 monitor, need frequencies around 15
kHz. VGA/SVGA need approx. 30 kHz. Multisync monitors can take many
frequencies.
In short: You can use any monitor you want with an A1200. BUT:
- If you use a regular VGA/SVGA monitor, you can only use a few
display modes (like DblPAL, DblNTSC and/or Productivity). I.e.
(320|640) x (256|512|1024) for DblPAL. This is great for Workbench
and all "serious" utilities (DTP etc), but don't expect any games
to work... they don't use your preferences, just take over the
machine and assume a 15 kHz monitor. Also, you cannot utilize the
"Early Startup Control" screen (you know, disable cache, and that
stuff), which also requires a 15 kHz monitor. Furthermore, VGA
monitors don't have speakers. And the VGA-type modes don't support
Genlocks. But for a lot of "serious" work, a VGA monitor is quite
adequate.
- You already know what happens with a 15 kHz monitor; the
flickering in Interlace mode. A small tip: Try to use NTSC instead
of PAL. This increases the refresh rate from 25 Hz to 30 Hz, at
the expense of lower vertical resolution (482 lines maximum). The
NTSC and PAL modes aren't as bad as many people think. If your
monitor has a lot of phosphorous (long afterglow), PAL Laced can
be quite OK, and it gives you a resolution of 1448x566 in
SuperHiRes. That's the highest resolution currently supported on
AGA Amigas, in _any_ display mode.
- A Multisync gives you the best of both worlds. The new 1940 and
1942 monitors from C= are quite OK, although rather cumbersome to
use... The h/v size and offset must be set manually each time you
switch display mode. (1)
For a VGA/SVGA or Multisync monitor, you'd need a little shiny box
which gives you the standard 15-pin "D" connector. It costs around $15.
There are other alternatives... like the "AmiVGA" box ($50 or so),
which I think is a cheapo version of the Flicker Fixer. (But it's
really a shame to use this on an AGA Amiga.)
Also, you can get a VGA monitor, and hook up your TV to the
composite or RF port on the Amiga - one monitor for games, one for
serious stuff.
(Per Espen Hagen, per.e.hagen@ffi.no)
---------- Footnotes ----------
(1) A patch is available on Aminet for Kickstart 3.0 to do this
without manual actions in the file `os30/util/Monitor30Patch.lha'.
5.4 How do I switch between PAL and NTSC?
=========================================
PAL and NTSC are two different video standards, the former being
European, and the latter being American. PAL has a slightly taller
screen (256 lines non-interlaced, non-overscanned) as opposed to NTSC
(200 lines), so if you see the bottom portion of a program's screen
getting cut off on your American machine, chances are the program was
written for PAL, and is running on your shorter NTSC screen. PAL and
NTSC differences are somewhat less important to European users; since
their machines default to PAL, running an NTSC program is no more than
a minor annoyance having the screen only appear in the top portion of
the display.
Therefore, for us NTSC folks, switching into PAL mode becomes
important to avoid loss of some picture on Euro Demos, etc.
First, the most common misconception about switching between PAL and
NTSC is that you need a Multiscan or special monitor for such a purpose.
Not so! Just about any monitor can handle the minor signal difference
between PAL and NTSC (50Hz vertical refresh versus 60Hz). The 108x,
19xx, and 20xx series, and even most TVs, can display both PAL and NTSC.
Sometimes it is necessary to perform minor tweaking of vertical hold
and/or v. size on your monitor to achieve full display, though this is
trivial.
What IS needed to switch between PAL and NTSC in software, is a
"Fatter" (1MB) Agnus or better. If your system has more than 512K of
CHIP RAM (use the avail command to find out) you have this chip. If you
do not, ou can still construct a hardware switch (see below).
The following directions assume you're an NTSC user who wants to
switch into PAL mode, but the procedure for going from PAL to NTSC is
much the same.
The most common use of switching into PAL is for self-booting games,
demos, etc. The best way to accomplish this on pre-3.0 systems is to
use Chris Hames' Degrader program (most recent version: 1.30). Once you
have procured this program, the switch is as simple as selecting
"50Hz", and "50Hz System", then installing the program's ROMTag (little
program that runs at boot-time) by pressing the "Survive Reset(s)"
button.
AmigaDOS 3.0 added a PAL/NTSC switch feature to its Boot Menu, and
all you need to do in order to access this is hold down both mouse
buttons as the computer boots. Select Display Options, Display
Mode/PAL, and then Boot. If the program still fails to go into PAL mode
(Zool is one I've found), you may wish to get Degrader anyway and try
that.
Software PAL/NTSC switching is easy and painless. Some people have
gone even further by installing hardware PAL/NTSC switches. This
results in a system which even the most nasty hardware-banging programs
can't bring to its original configuration (if it has been switched).
The procedure is simple - most Amigas have jumpers already - but beyond
the scope of this document.
Therefore, if your screen is too short or cut off, seek the different
screen mode. You'll "see new horizons", literally!
(Joseph Luk, jluc@eis.calstate.edu)
(1)
---------- Footnotes ----------
(1) PAL/NTSC switching with a MultiSync monitor is possible on 2.0+
and easily accomplished by moving the PAL monitor type to (or NTSC, as
applicable, I have them both in) the Devs/Monitors drawer (from the
Storage/Monitors drawer), reboot, then go into the Prefs drawer and
select the ScreenMode program. You will see at least two PAL modes
available (PAL and PAL Interlaced). Simply select one of the (usually
non-interlaced for demos) and select "Use". All windows on the Workbench
will close, the video mode will change, and then the windows will
reopen - that simple!
Allen J. Newton, anewton@alturia.abq.nm.us
6 Emulators
***********
What? The Amiga isn't good enough? You really want it to be another
machine? Well, look here...
6.1 Can I run Unix on my Amiga?
===============================
Actually there are three Unix versions on the Amiga. All of them
need at least 68030 (see 68EC0xx), probably a 68040 in the near future
and seem to have problems with many hard-drive-controllers. You should
have a good look into the documentation before installing it. Unix
needs much resources, say at least 10Mb RAM and a 150Mb Unix-partition
on the hard-drive.
1. Commodore offered a System V Unix in the past. It contained TCP/IP,
X11 and other software and seemed to make a good job, but it was
expensive and after all Commodore has dropped developing it.
Commodore-Unix needs a streamer because it is distributed on tapes.
2. A Linux port is prepared. But actually there is not very much than
the kernel. Specialists might like to use it, but it cannot be
recommended for now. Linux is freely distributable. Sources:
`ftp.uni-paderborn.de', directory `/pub/amiga/linux' or
`ftp.uni-erlangen.de', directory `/pub/LINUX/MIRROR.tsx-11/680x0'.
3. NetBSD is freely distributable too. Like Linux it isn't ready for
now, but it seems to make big steps. Most GNU software is said to
run, especially emacs and gcc. I think it's worth to have a look
on it. Sources: `ftp.uni-paderborn.de', directory
`/pub/amiga/NetBSD' or `ftp.uni-erlangen.de', Directory
`/pub/amiga/unix/NetBSD'.
6.2 Is it possible to use the Amiga as X11 terminal?
====================================================
Yes, it is. There are two different packages available:
GfxBase offers a commercial version which is said to be excellent,
but expensive. The distribution includes different window managers
andclients. A demo version is on Aminet.
(`gfx/x11/GfxBase-X11-Demo.lha')
DaggeX is freely distributable and probably not finished yet. (It
calls itself version 0.91.) Source: Aminet, `gfx/x11/DaggeX-0.91.lha'
and `gfx/x11/twm_930531.lha'.
7 Miscellaneous
***************
This last chapter contains some questions that don't fit in the
chapters above.
7.1 Is there any unix version of LhA?
=====================================
See Endings.
7.2 What are files ending with ...?
===================================
Most endings on FTP sites or Fish disks tell you that the file is
compressed and/or is an archive containing more than one file. Some
programs even archive whole disks. Frequently found endings and
programs to handle the related files are:
*.sfx*
Compressed archives which are included in an executable program:
Just call the program and it will extract itself (sfx = self
extract)
*.lha*
*.lzh*
Compressed archives; recommended: LhA (`util/arc/LhA_e138.run' on
Aminet or Fish disk 715) or Lx (`util/arc/lx100.lha' on Aminet),
Unix version available (`misc/unix/lha-1.00.tar.Z')
*.dms*
Disks compressed using DMS (`util/arc/dms111.sfx' on Aminet or
Fish disk 406)
*.zom*
Disks compressed using Zoom (`util/arc/Zoom_5.4.lha' on Aminet,
Fish disk 682); an older version which you probably need for
uncompressing PasTeX is found on Fish disk 459.
*.zoo*
Compressed archive; recommended: Zoo (`util/arc/zpp2-10.lzh' on
Aminet or Fish disk 527)
*.Z*
*.z*
*.gz*
Compressed files; recommended gzip (`util/pack/gzip124x.lha' on
Aminet), note that this are Unix files in most cases
*.tar*
Acrhive; recommended: tar (`util/arc/tar.lha' or
`util/arc/gtar10.lha' on Aminet or Fish disk 445), note that tar is
a Unix archiver and you often find soething like `.tar.Z'.
*.arj*
Compressed archive; recommended unarj (`util/arc/unarj-0.5.lha' on
Aminet)
*.zip*
Compressed archive; recommended UnZip (`util/arc/unzip-5.1.lha' on
Aminet), note that this are MS-Dos archives in most cases
7.3 Is there a Stacker-like utility to pack my hard drive?
==========================================================
XFH does a good job. It operates as a handler and uses the
XPK-libraries, so you have different compression modes (NUKE is a good
choice) and possibly even more in the future. The only disadvantage is,
that the size of a file is limited by RAM: Don't use it with less than
2MB of RAM.
XPKDisk by Olaf 'Rhialto' Seibert is another stacker program that
takes advantage of the variety of XPK libraries available. Unlike other
harddisk compressors it does not compress the files, but creates a
pseudo partition and stores the whole tracks as compressed files on
your harddisk. Its major advantage is that it does not limit the
maximum file size, because it works similar to trackdisk.device and
therefore does not need too much temporary storage. But be careful:
Never try to optimize an xpkdisk partition using ReOrg. It will trash
your virtual partition.
Another possibility is EPU. It's shareware and should offer the same
as XFH, but without limiting the file size.
Sources: Aminet, directory `util/pack', Fish disks 754 (XFH) and 858
(EPU)
7.4 Where do I get Fish disk xxx?
=================================
Those FTP servers have that much space (or a CD-Rom) to have all
fish disks available online:
ftp.isca.uiowa.edu (USA, directory `/amiga/fx/fxxx')
ftp.hawaii.edu (USA, directory `/pub/amiga/fish')
ftp.dfv.rwth-aachen.de (Germany, directory `/pub/amiga/fish')
ftp.uni-erlangen.de (Germany, directory `/pub/amiga/pd')
ftp.funet.fi (Finland, directory `/pub/amiga/fish')
Note that the CD-Rom's are not always mounted. See FTP.
Another possibility would be to ask your local dealer. :-)
8 Where and how do I get Software?
**********************************
Three questions arise in this context: Which programs can be found,
where are they and how to get them and transfer them home?
8.1 Files and databases on freely distributable software
========================================================
Of course you need to know where you find things. Many good choices
are listed in this paper, as I hope. Other sources are:
*AmigaSciSchool*
is a list of software and where you find it in Ascii format. It is
posted monthly to the newsgroups `comp.sys.amiga.applications',
`comp.unix.amiga', and `news.answers'. Additionally you will find
it on Aminet sites (`text/doc/AmigaSciSchool-4.01'). It handles
everything listed here and many more, for example GNU software,
libraries (linked and shared), shells, Unix commands, educational
and scientific software and much more.
*FishCon*
are lists of the Fish disk contents. (`fish/doc/fishcon-???.lzh' on
Aminet)
*FishXref*
is a cross reference list of the Fish contents.
(`fish/doc/fishxref-???.lzh' on Aminet) FishXref and Fishcon are in
Ascii format.
*KingFisher*
A Fish disk database, (`fish/doc/Kingfisher1_30.lha', which is the
program and `fish/doc/KFData850.lha' ,which contains the data, on
Aminet or Fish disk 863) allows search by name and context. See
Fish.
8.2 A collection of tests
=========================
`Comp.sys.amiga.reviews' is a moderated newsgroup where tests of
soft- and hardware, books and anything else relevant to the Amiga are
posted. Its always a good idea to check this newsgroup for a review, if
you are interested in something special. Of course you always find only
the latest reviews, but the older postings are available per FTP from
`math.uh.edu', Directory `/pub/Amiga/comp.sys.amiga.reviews' or on the
Fish CDs.
8.3 Getting files from a FTP server
===================================
Things are easy for those who have access to the Internet and a
program called FTP (File Transfer Program). Nearly all Unix computers
have it, but not all of them allow the use of FTP.
FTP allows you to gain access to some other machines and store and/or
retrieve files. Normally one needs an acoount on the remote machine to
use it, bat a number of machines have a setup that allows everybody to
log in as the user `ftp' or `anonymous', so anybody may get files from
them. The most important of this servers are the Aminet servers, which
mirror each other and hence should have the same files. They are the
best choice if you are looking for Amiga software. Aminet hosts are
USA (MO) ftp.wustl.edu 128.252.135.4
USA (CA) ftp.cdrom.com 192.153.46.2
USA (TX) ftp.etsu.edu 192.43.199.20
Scandinavia ftp.luth.se 130.240.18.2
Germany ftp.uni-kl.de 131.246.9.95
Germany ftp.uni-erlangen.de 131.188.1.43
Germany ftp.cs.tu-berlin.de 130.149.17.7
Germany ftp.uni-paderborn.de 131.234.2.32
Germany ftp.uni-oldenburg.de 134.106.40.9
Germany ftp.coli.uni-sb.de 134.96.68.11
Switzerland ftp.eunet.ch 146.228.10.16
Switzerland litamiga.epfl.ch 128.178.151.32
UK ftp.doc.ic.ac.uk 146.169.2.1
All these mirrors have a directory `/pub/aminet', where you will find
much stuff. Please use a mirror close to you! Some other important hosts
are
ftp.funet.fi (Finland)
ftp.isca.uiowa.edu (USA)
ftp.hawaii.edu (USA)
ftp.cso.uiuc.edu (USA)
ftp.dfv.rwth-aachen.de (Germany)
Note that grind, aachen and erlangen have the full collection of Fish
disks available! See Fish disk xxx.
To connect to a special host (ftp.uni-erlangen.de for example), you
should type
ftp ftp.uni-erlangen.de
The host answers by requesting your login. You should type
ftp
No you are asked for a password. Please type your Email address here, if
you have one. If not, use the password ftp.
Now you're inside the host. There is a number of commands you may
execute here. The most important are:
*?*
Prints the help text of the FTP command. Additionally you may type
*? command* to get information on a special command.
*bin*
Tells the FTP program that you whish to transfer binary files. It
is always a good choice to type bin as the very first command!
Files you load without the bin command can be corrupt.
*get <file>*
Loads the given file from the host. On most Unix machines you can
type something like `get file.txt -' or `get file.txt |more' to
show a text on the screen. Note that there *must* be no blank
between the | and the word more!
*mget <pat>*
Loads the given files. pat may contain Unix style like wildcards.
*put <file>*
*mput <pat>*
Like get and mget, but transfer files from you to the remote host.
This is in most cases not allowed, except for a special directory
called `incoming'. You can place files here which you want to make
public.
*cd <dir>*
Like the usual cd command. The commands get, mget, put, mput, dir
and ls refer to the current working directory.
*dir [<dir>]*
*ls [<dir>]*
Like `list' and `dir' on the Amiga. Note that the FTP-dir
corresponds to the Amiga-list!
*bye*
Leaves the FTP program.
When you have used FTP for the first times you will notice, that you
always begin with executing the same steps:
1. Type the login (ftp in most cases)
2. Type the password (your mail address in most cases)
3. Enter the bin command
4. Change the current working directory (`/pub/aminet' for example)
This may get executed automatically. What you need is a file
called `.netrc' in your home directory. Note that it needs to be
protected against others! The FTP program doesn't use it, if it can be
read by anything else than you. (Protection is set using the command
`chmod go-rwx .netrc'.) The .netrc file contains some entries for your
most favourite FTP sites, each separated by empy lines. A typicel entry
may look like this:
machine ftp.uni-erlangen.de
login ftp
password <your mail address> or <ftp>
macdef init
bin
cd pub/aminet
Note that on some machines it is possible to use the machine name
`default' which meets all machines not listed in .netrc.
8.4 Getting files from a Mail server
====================================
Another way to get files is to use a mail server. This assumes that
you can send mail to Internet addresses and get mail from Internet
hosts. It works by sending a mail to the server specifying some
commands, for example send commands for the files you want. Important
mail servers are
ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com
mailserver@nic.funet.fi
ftp-mailer@ftp.informatik.tu-muenchen.de
mrcserv@janus.mtroyal.ab.ca
mail-server@ftp.cs.tu-berlin.de
mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu
The most important commands are:
*Help*
Tells the server that you wish to get an Ascii file containing
detailed explanation how to use the server.
*Limit <number>*
Specifys that you wish to get not more than <number> Kbytes per
mail. Larger files get splitted into small pieces of at most
<number> Kbytes which are sent as separate mails each. Note that
the mails may get larger because of overhead.
*Cwd <dir>*
Sets the current working directory to <dir>. This directory is
used by the commands send and dir.
*Index*
will return a list of files and/or directories that the server
offers. Note that this may be *very* large!
*Index <item>*
returns a list of files containing <item> in their names.
*Dir [<dir>]*
returns a list of the files and directories in the given directory.
*Send <file1> <file2> ... <fileN>*
Tells the server to send the given files to you.
*Begin*
Tells the server to ignore all lines above this command.
*End*
Like Begin, but specifies to ignore the lines below. (A signature
for example!) A typical session would be to send the following
mail to the mail server:
BEGIN
CD /pub/aminet/util/arc
SEND LhA_e138.run
END
8.5 The Fish disks
==================
A very good source are the Fish disks. One distinguishes between the
floppy disks and the CD-Roms.
8.5.1 The Amiga Library disks
-----------------------------
Fred Fish has started in the middle eighties to collect freely
distributable software on floppy disks. There are more than 900 disks
for now and very much good stuff on it. Most Amiga dealers sell them
and most magazines contain addresses of people mailing them to you for
about 3$ per disk or less.
Fred Fish has announced to terminate offering software on floppy
disks with number 1000. Instead he offers CD-Roms. See Fish CD.
There are some things which can be found on the Fish disks, but not
on Aminet. However, you can get them with FTP. See Fish disk xxx.
8.5.2 The Fresh Fish CD-Roms
----------------------------
Fred Fish is going on to offer freely distributable software. But
now he collects it on CD-Rom's. He will release two different kinds of
CD's:
1. Monthly released disks are divided into roughly three sections:
1. New material, which includes the material from the new
unreleased floppy disks as well as material which does not
appear in the floppy distribution, about 84Mb on the first
disk.
2. Useful utilities that can be used directly off the CD-ROM if
desired, thus freeing up the corresponding amount of hard
disk space (GNU Emacs, Gnu C, GNU C++, Amiga E, PasTeX,
AmigaGuide, Installer, 2.0 and 3.0-Includes, different
archivers, tape drivers, the AmiCDROM filesystem and many
other GNU and BSD tools, ...), about 150Mb on the first disk.
3. Older material from previous released floppy disks or
CD-ROM's, about 404 Mb on the first disk. (Fish disk 600-910)
2. Disks containing the latest software as well as recent software in
packed format only. (These are intended to be used for example in
BBS's.)
I recommend especially the first kind of Fish CD's. They cost
about 20$ plus 3$ for shipping (5$ outside USA/Canada/Mexico) and are
available from
Amiga Library Services
610 N. Alma School Road, Suite 18
Chandler, AZ 85224-3687
U.S.A.
Phone/FAX: (602) 917-0917
8.6 How do I Read and write MS-Dos disks?
=========================================
No problem for owners of Workbench 2.1 or higher: The program
CrossDos is part of the Workbench. All you have to do is mounting the
device `pc0:' by putting it into the drawer `Devs:DOSDrivers' or by
double-clicking the icon in `Sys:Storage/DOSDrivers'. Ms-Dos disks in
drive `df0:' can now be handled in the usual manner replacing the word
`df0:' by `pc0:'. For example the directory can be shown with the
command dir pc0:.
People still running Workbench 2.0 or lower need a program called
`MSH'. You will find this on the Aminet (directory misc/emu) and on
Fish disk 382. See Sources. After editing the file `devs:MountList' as
described in the documentation you have to say Mount msh: in the CLI
and can now do the same as above replacing the word `pc0:' with `msh:'.
8.7 How do I split large files?
===============================
There are some archives which are too large to fit on one disk. To
transfer them on disks you need to split them into smaller pieces and
transfer each part on a separate disk. I recommend Martin Schlodder's
`Splitter'. (Aminet, `util/misc/splitter_121.lha'. The archive
contains binaries for MS-DOS and should be compilable without problems
on any Unix system.
The Amiga-FAQ archive
*********************
The Amiga-FAQ is available in different formats: Ascii format (which
is posted to the nets) AmigaGuide format (which is the adequate format
on the Amiga) and in dvi format (to be printed). Additionally there is
some stuff, that might be useful or interesting, but could not be
included into the Amiga-FAQ:
txt/amiga.history On the Amiga's history
txt/story.txt The Commodore story (or: the Tramiel
story ;-)
txt/amiga.newsgroups Overview on comp.sys.amiga.*
txt/amiga.sites List of FTP sites
txt/AmigaOverview.tex A short overview on the Amiga-Soft- and
Hardware
txt/Hardware.tips For those people who can't live without solder
src/JWSplit.c The source of a file splitter
src/JWJoin.c The opponent to JWSplit
src/addtoc.c Utility to add a toc to texinfo-created docs
(this document uses it)
I decided to collect these in the Amiga-FAQ archive. It is called
AmigaFAQxxxxxx.lha (where xxxxxx is the date of the last release) and
can be found on Aminet, directory `text/docs'.
Contributions
*************
This FAQ can neither get useful nor hit further development without
your help. Suggestions, contributions, new answers, critics, anything
is rather welcome.
Please note, that very major subjects are absolutely missing yet:
Nothing about sound, nothing on graphic cards, no Animation. These are
some of the Amiga's best points! But I don't know them ... :-(
So grab your keyboard (Your pencil? Well, if there's no other way...)
and send mail to:
Jochen Wiedmann
Am Eisteich 9
72555 Metzingen (Germany)
Tel. 07123 / 14881
Internet: wiedmann@mailserv.zdv.uni-tuebingen.de
Credits
*******
My thanks go to:
*Reinhard Spisser and Sebastiano Vigna*
for the Amiga version of texinfo. This is written with it.
*The Free Software Foundation*
for the original version of texinfo and many other excellent
programs.
*Dylan McNamee*
for contributing the sections on Editors, Word Processors, DTP and
Postscript and some wording fixes.
*Joseph Luk*
for help in the section on chunky/planar, double buffering and
PAL/NTSC
*Urban Dominik Mueller*
for the FAQ on FTP and Mail-servers.
Index
*****
.arj Endings
.dms Endings
.gz Endings
.lha Endings
.lzh Endings
.netrc FTP
.sfx Endings
.tar Endings
.Z Endings
.z Endings
.zip Endings
.zom Endings
.zoo Endings
68EC020 68EC0xx
68EC030 68EC0xx
68LC040 68EC0xx
Amiga Library disks Fish floppy disks
Amiga-FAQ archive Amiga-FAQ Archive
AmigaBasic AmigaBasic
AmigaSciSchool Infos
Anonymous FTP
Assemblers Compilers
AutoDocs Includes
C Compilers
C++ Compilers
Catalog description Localizing
Catalog translation Localizing
Catalogs Localizing
CatComp Localizing
CATS CATS
Chunky displays Chunky vs. Planar
Commodore, Frankfurt Developer
Commodore, West Chester CATS
comp.sys.amiga.reviews Reviews
Compilers Compilers
Console window WindowPtr
Contributions Contributions
Credits Credits
CrossDos MS-Dos disks
DaggeX X11
Desktop Publishing DTP
Developer Developer
DoMethod Missing functions
DoSuperMethod Missing functions
Doublebuffering Doublebuffering
DTP DTP
Editors Editors
Emulators Emulators
endings Endings
Enforcer 68EC0xx
Esc sequences Printer control
FD-files Pragmas
fd2pragma Pragmas
file endings Endings
Fish CD-Rom's Fish CD
Fish disks Fish disk xxx
Fish disks Fish
Fish floppy disks Fish floppy disks
FishCon Infos
FishXref Infos
FlexCat Localizing
Forth Compilers
Fortran Compilers
FPU FPU
Fresh Fish CD-Rom's Fish CD
FTP servers FTP
GfxBase X11
GigaMem 68EC0xx
Graphics Graphics
HD compression HD-Compression
Hirsch & Wolf CATS
history Amiga-FAQ Archive
HookEntry Missing functions
Includes Includes
KingFisher Infos
KitCat Localizing
LibAllocPooled Missing functions
Linux Unix
Lisp Compilers
locale.library Localizing
Localizing Localizing
Mail-server Mail
MakeCat Localizing
Memory, virtual 68EC0xx
Missing functions Missing functions
MMU 68EC0xx
Modula-2 Compilers
Monitors Monitors
MS-Dos disks MS-Dos disks
Msh MS-Dos disks
Multiscan Monitors
NDA Developer
NDK Includes
NDU Includes
NDUK Includes
NetBSD Unix
NTSC PAL-NTSC
Oberon Compilers
packers Endings
packers on Unix Endings
Page Layout Languages Word Processors
PAL PAL-NTSC
Pascal Compilers
Planar displays Chunky vs. Planar
Postscript Postscript
pragmas Pragmas
Printer control Printer control
Prolog Compilers
Reviews Reviews
RKMs Manuals
Rom Kernel manuals Manuals
Splitting files Splitting
Stacker HD-Compression
TeX TeX
Text Editors Editors
Unix Unix
Unix-LhA Unix-LhA
VGA Monitors
Word Processors Word Processors
Wysiwyg Word Processors
X11 X11
XFH HD-Compression
XPK HD-Compression
--
Jochen Wiedmann E-Mail: wiedmann@mailserv.zdv.uni-tuebingen.de